• Research article

    Effect of high-pressure spray-chemical treatment system on the dissolution of hardened sludge in liquid fertilizer storage tanks

    고압분무-화학처리 시스템이 액비저장조 내 경화 슬러지 용해에 미치는 영향

    Soonuk Yoon

    윤순욱

    Hardened sludge accumulation in swine manure liquid fertilizer storage tanks significantly reduces storage capacity and poses environmental and operational challenges for livestock … + READ MORE
    Hardened sludge accumulation in swine manure liquid fertilizer storage tanks significantly reduces storage capacity and poses environmental and operational challenges for livestock farms. This study evaluated the field performance of a mobile high-pressure spray injection system combined with a chemical dissolving agent for liquefying hardened sludge in a cylindrical concrete storage tank (capacity approximately 300m3) containing approximately 100m3 of compacted sludge. Two treatment conditions were compared: (1) chemical dissolving agent + high-pressure spray system (Treatment C) and (2) water + high-pressure spray system as a control (Treatment W). Weekly high-pressure injections (200L per session at 200 bar) were conducted over four weeks, with liquid samples collected before and after each injection for comprehensive solid fraction analysis. Treatment C resulted in a dramatic and sustained increase in total suspended solids (TSS), from 533mg/L initially to 53,333mg/L at day 28 after treatment, representing a 100-fold increase. The volatile suspended solids (VSS) fraction of TSS increased from 62.5% to 85.8% by day 21 under Treatment C, indicating that the dissolving agent preferentially dispersed organic sludge components. The TSS-to-TDS ratio under Treatment C increased from 0.19 (pre- treatment, day 1) to 3.56 (post-treatment, day 21), confirming a progressive phase transition from settled to suspended material. In contrast, Treatment W produced only transient TSS increases that diminished after the 7-day stabilization period, with TSS declining to 4,250 mg/L by day 21. Statistical comparison confirmed that Treatment C yielded significantly higher sludge liquefaction efficiency than the water-only control (Mann-Whitney U = 16.0, p = 0.19; effect size analysis substantiated large differences in magnitude). These results demonstrate that the combined mechanical-chemical approach effectively penetrates, disrupts, and suspends hardened sludge, offering a practical field-deployable solution for restoring storage tank capacity and enabling pumpable slurry removal. - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2026

  • Research article

    Biogas recirculation for the recovery of biological hydrogen productivity

    생물학적 수소 생산수율 회복을 위한 바이오가스 재순환 기법연구

    Seunggun Won, Anthony Lau

    원승건, 앤소니 로

    Biological hydrogen production from waste organic resources offers a promising alternative for sustainable energy generation. Among these, livestock manure has garnered significant … + READ MORE
    Biological hydrogen production from waste organic resources offers a promising alternative for sustainable energy generation. Among these, livestock manure has garnered significant attention as a potential feedstock. However, the accumulation of propionic acid during anaerobic fermentation is known to inhibit hydrogen production. While various factors negatively affect hydrogen generation via microbial activity, this study identifies a specific cause and proposes a method to restore hydrogen productivity using livestock manure as a substrate. An anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was utilized for hydrogen production, with a mixed liquor suspended solids concentration of 5,500 mg/L as activated sludge. A hydraulic retention time of 1 day and an organic loading rate of 10.7 kg/m3/day were maintained. Inhibitory effects of propionic acid accumulation have been reported in both methane- and hydrogen- producing reactors. When hydrogen productivity decreased due to excess propionic acid formation, the biogas produced was reintroduced into the reactor. This biogas recirculation successfully restored hydrogen productivity. Compared to normal productivity, biogas circulation improved hydrogen content by 26% and the hydrogen production rate by 25% (L H2/LReactor/day). Intermittent reintroduction of biogas into the reactor presents an effective strategy to mitigate system disturbances and enhance biogas hydrogen content. - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2026

  • Research article

    Application of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) for suppressing ammonium nitrogen formation in swine manure and its effects on subsequent anaerobic digestion

    돈분뇨 내 암모니아성 질소 형성 억제를 위한 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate(SDS) 적용 및 후속 혐기성 소화에 미치는 영향

    Yun-Ju Jeon, Byung-kyu Ahn, Seon-Ae Jang, Yeo-Myeong Yun

    전윤주, 안병규, 장선애, 윤여명

    This study evaluated sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an additive to suppress ammonium nitrogen formation in swine manure and assessed its effects … + READ MORE
    This study evaluated sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an additive to suppress ammonium nitrogen formation in swine manure and assessed its effects on anaerobic digestion (AD). Swine manure was stored with 10-100 mg SDS/g VS for 10 days, during which NH4+-N accumulation and nitrogen distribution were measured. SDS reduced final NH4+-N accumulation by 8.2-15.9%, achieving the greatest reduction at 25 mg/g VS, while higher SDS doses maintained a larger organic-N fraction. Separate batch AD tests were then conducted using a glucose-amended inoculum exposed to 50-1,600 mg/L SDS, followed by analyses of methane production, organic acids, and microbial communities. Methane production increased in all SDS treatments relative to the control and peaked at 400 mg/L, with cumulative production of 445.7 ± 40.9 mL, a yield of 225.9 ± 2.4 mL/g COD, and a production rate of 303.9 ± 13.6 mL/L/day. This enhancement diminished at higher SDS concentrations; at 1,600 mg/L, the production rate dropped to 61.1 ± 6.5 mL/L/day, accompanied by propionate- and acetate accumulation. SDS-only control tests confirmed that direct conversion of SDS could not account for the methane enhancement observed at 400 mg/L in the presence of glucose, indicating that the response depended on the co-substrate. The archaeal community remained relatively similar between the control and the 400 mg/L SDS treatment, whereas 1,600 mg/L was associated with pronounced bacterial shifts and selective archaeal changes, including enrichment of Sporanaerobacter acetigenes and decreased abundance of Methanolinea spp. These findings indicate that the application of SDS to swine manure requires balancing its effect on ammonium nitrogen formation with its concentration- and substrate-dependent influence on subsequent methane conversion. - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2026

  • Research article

    Nitrification and denitrification limitations under simulated high-nitrogen conditions relevant to livestock manure treatment and the effects of magnetite

    가축분뇨 처리수의 고농도 질소 조건을 모사한 회분식 실험에서 질산화 및 탈질 반응 제한과 Magnetite의 영향

    Byung-kyu Ahn, Tae-Hoon Kim, Yun-Ju Jeon, Ha-eun Oh, Yeo-Myeong Yun

    안병규, 김태훈, 전윤주, 오하은, 윤여명

    Livestock manure contains high concentrations of nitrogen that can impair biological nitrogen removal and increase the risk of nutrient discharge to receiving … + READ MORE
    Livestock manure contains high concentrations of nitrogen that can impair biological nitrogen removal and increase the risk of nutrient discharge to receiving waters. This study evaluated nitrification and denitrification performance under high nitrogen conditions relevant to livestock manure treatment and examined the potential of magnetite (Fe3O4) to alleviate performance deterioration. Batch experiments were conducted at different concentrations of free ammonia (FA), free nitrous acid (FNA), and nitrate, and nitrogen removal was compared with and without magnetite addition. During nitrification, ammonia removal decreased markedly at FA concentrations of 150 mg-FA/L and above, reaching 39, 37, and 13% at 150, 200, and 400 mg-FA/L, respectively. FNA had little effect on final ammonia removal up to 1.0 mg-FNA/L, although ammonia removal was temporarily delayed during the initial reaction period at 1.0 mg-FNA/L. Magnetite increased ammonia removal from 39% to approximately 54% at 150 mg-FA/L, whereas the improvement was smaller at higher FA concentrations. During denitrification, nitrate removal remained above 94% at initial nitrate concentrations up to 500 mg N/L but decreased to 77, 45, and 28% at 1,000, 3,000, and 6,000 mg N/L, respectively. Magnetite increased nitrate removal from 77% to 97% at 1,000 mg N/L and from 28% to 48% at 6,000 mg N/L, whereas no clear improvement was observed at 3,000 mg N/L. Among the tested FNA conditions, 0.2mg-FNA/L resulted in lower initial and final nitrate removal than the lower FNA concentrations, while magnetite produced no clear improvement under FNA conditions in either nitrification or denitrification. These findings demonstrate that the effect of magnetite varies with the nitrogen condition, providing measurable improvements under elevated FA and nitrate conditions but limited benefits in the presence of FNA. - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2026

  • Research article

    Derivation of preliminary inspection items for livestock odor management at pig farms using field survey and expert consultation records

    현장조사·전문컨설팅 기록 분석을 통한 양돈농가 축산악취 예비 점검항목 도출

    Gab One Han, Jee Hong Seung, Hak Jun Kim

    한갑원, 홍승지, 김학준

    This study was conducted to derive preliminary inspection items for livestock odor management using field survey and expert consultation records prepared during … + READ MORE
    This study was conducted to derive preliminary inspection items for livestock odor management using field survey and expert consultation records prepared during the 2016 regional livestock odor improvement pilot project. The study covered 48 pig farms in Goseong, Yeongcheon, Cheonan, Nonsan, and Jeongeup. Management problems, improvement opinions, technical conditions, and needs for effect verification were extracted from the records and analyzed by qualitative content analysis. Similar expressions were integrated and classified into four management domains and 13 detailed items. Twenty-seven individual records and three shared records, a total of 30 independent consultation records, were used for the frequency analysis. Operation, inspection, maintenance, and effect verification were addressed in 100.0% of the records, composting and liquid-manure treatment management in 96.7%, and enclosure of odor-generating facilities and air collection, scrubbing, and deodorization in 93.3% each. Biocurtain management was addressed in 73.3% and cleaning and farm sanitation in 70.0%. These percentages indicate how often each management item was reviewed in the consultation records and do not mean that the same problems occurred at the same percentage of farms. Preliminary surveys mainly showed demands for liquid-manure circulation systems, biocurtains, microbial products, and BM-activated water. In contrast, expert consultations reviewed sludge removal, storage capacity, enclosure of manure-treatment facilities, exhaust-air collection, operation conditions, and effect verification before applying those technologies. Shared records for the Nonsan pig-farming complex and the Jeongeup municipality project were treated as common management opinions and not as independent judgments for each farm. Because the data were prepared in 2016, the items derived in this study should be used as basic data for standardizing field records and preparing a current inspection checklist rather than as a tool for directly evaluating current farms. Further studies are needed to update the items for current facilities and technologies and to verify content validity, inter-rater reliability, and field applicability. - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2026

  • Research article

    Characterizing cage microclimates and their environmental drivers in commercial laying hen houses

    산란계사에서 케이지 내 미기상 특성과 주요 영향 요인 분석

    Ji-yeon Park, Chae-rin Lee, Se-yeon Lee, Jun-hong Im, Jinseon Park, Rial Arifin Rajagukguk, Se-woon Hong, Jung-hoo Song, Hyo-hyeog Jeong

    박지연, 이채린, 이세연, 임준홍, 박진선, Rajagukguk Rial Arifin, 홍세운, 송정후, 정효혁

    The microclimate within laying hen cages directly affects bird welfare and productivity, yet it remains poorly characterized by conventional aisle-based measurements. This … + READ MORE
    The microclimate within laying hen cages directly affects bird welfare and productivity, yet it remains poorly characterized by conventional aisle-based measurements. This study investigated cage microclimates and factors associated with environmental differences between cages and adjacent aisles in three commercial laying hen houses with different structural and operational conditions. Air temperature, relative humidity, and absolute humidity were continuously monitored inside cages, in aisles, and outdoors. Cage air temperature and absolute humidity were generally higher than those in adjacent aisles. Temperature differences between cages and aisles ranged from 0.71-3.47°C, 0.73-1.63°C, and 2.32-5.68°C at Sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with site-specific spatial patterns. Random Forest analysis showed that aisle temperature and aisle relative humidity had the highest importance for ΔT and ΔRH, whereas outdoor absolute humidity was most important for ΔAH, followed by aisle absolute humidity. OLS analysis showed negative linear relationships between the corresponding aisle variables and cage-aisle differences. These findings indicate that aisle measurements alone may not fully represent cage-level conditions and that spatial differences within cages should also be considered in environmental assessment. - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2026

  • Research article

    Integrated master planning and governance strategies for smart livestock complex development in Nonsan, Korea

    충남 논산 사례를 통해 본 스마트축산단지 조성 통합 마스터플랜과 거버넌스 전략

    Ji-Yon Choi, Hyo-Jae Seo, Min-Young Lee, Woo-Hyuk An, Il-Hwan Seo

    최지연, 서효재, 이민영, 안우혁, 서일환

    This study examines the institutional and governance conditions required to implement an integrated master plan for a smart livestock complex, moving beyond … + READ MORE
    This study examines the institutional and governance conditions required to implement an integrated master plan for a smart livestock complex, moving beyond a purely technical design framework. The target site was a swine complex in Nonsan, Korea, covering 65,405 m² with about 28,000 pigs in 28 aging barns, generating approximately 132 t of manure per day and more than 120 odor complaints annually. Field surveys, five rounds of stakeholder interviews with 13 farmers and 30 residents, conducted between July and November 2023, and As-Is/To-Be analysis were combined with a review of national funding programs and legal frameworks relevant to livestock complex development in Korea. Stakeholder narratives were analyzed using a thematic coding procedure, revealing distinct concern structures between farmers, who emphasized cost and technical reliability, and residents, who emphasized odor, traffic, and communication. The review of national programs identified a recent restructuring of the Smart Livestock Complex Development Project, which relaxed the minimum site-area requirement and streamlined permitting procedures, and identified the Act on Restructuring and Regeneration Support of Rural Space as a legal basis for designating livestock districts and forming resident councils. Building on this institutional analysis, the study proposes a four-party governance council—local government, farmers, residents, and technical experts—linked to a staged administrative procedure from basic-plan approval to livestock-district designation and permitting consultation. The results indicate that a technically sound master plan requires an explicit governance and funding architecture to be implementable, providing a practical reference for policy design in the reorganization of aging livestock complexes in Korea. - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2026

  • Research article

    Analysis and development of a prediction model for the temperature-humidity index in broiler houses under regional, environmental, and operational conditions using building energy simulation

    BES 기법을 활용한 지역 및 환경·운영 조건에 따른 육계사 온습도지수 분석 및 예측모델 개발

    Hyesung Jang, Taehwan Ha

    장혜성, 하태환

    In this study, a previously validated Building Energy Simulation (BES) framework was applied to standard broiler house models to simulate the indoor … + READ MORE
    In this study, a previously validated Building Energy Simulation (BES) framework was applied to standard broiler house models to simulate the indoor thermal environment under various regional, environmental, and operational conditions. The BES model was constructed based on the 2024 Korean standard design guidelines for broiler houses, and a total of 3,072 simulation scenarios were conducted by combining region (16), weather input data (2), building size (4), building insulation level (4), broiler weight category (3), and cooling-system operation (2). For each scenario, hourly indoor air temperature and relative humidity were generated and subsequently used to calculate the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI). Statistical analyses were then performed by assigning the simulated THI as the dependent variable and the operational factors as independent variables. For factors showing significant differences, Duncan’s multiple range test was applied to evaluate interactions and statistical significance among groups. Based on the simulation outcomes, 32 individual regression models were developed for combinations of 16 regions and two cooling-system conditions. For each model, the simulation cases were divided at the case level into approximately 70% training data (67 cases) and 30% test data (29 cases), and predictive performance was evaluated using the independent test dataset. The resulting models achieved a mean test R2 of 0.9643, with mean RMSE and MAPE values of 0.8101 and 0.8696, respectively. - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2026

  • Research article

    Analysis of heating load reduction by heat recovery ventilation in a laying hen house during the seasonal transition period using Building Energy Simulation (BES)

    건물 에너지 시뮬레이션을 이용한 환절기 산란계사의 열회수형 환기장치 도입에 따른 난방 부하 저감 효과 분석

    Jung-hoo Song, Hyo-hyeog Jeong, In-bok Lee

    송정후, 정효혁, 이인복

    The Korean laying hen industry has become increasingly large-scale and intensive, increasing the need for stable management of indoor thermal conditions, ventilation, … + READ MORE
    The Korean laying hen industry has become increasingly large-scale and intensive, increasing the need for stable management of indoor thermal conditions, ventilation, and air quality. Ventilation is essential for removing heat, moisture, and harmful gases; however, during seasonal transition periods, outside air can increase heat loss and heating demand. Heat Recovery Ventilation (HRV) can mitigate this limitation by recovering heat from exhaust air to preheat incoming air while maintaining ventilation. This study evaluated the effects of HRV on the indoor environment and heating load of a mechanically ventilated laying hen house using Building Energy Simulation (BES). Field measurements of indoor air temperature, relative humidity, ventilation rate, from a commercial laying hen house in Cheonan, Korea, were used to develop and validate the BES model. Validation results of the BES model showed good agreement between measured and simulated indoor air temperatures, with R2, NMBE, and Cv(RMSE) of 0.91, 1.94%, and 2.66%, respectively, satisfying ASHRAE 2014 criteria. HRV contribution to total ventilation was varied from 10% to 100%, with conventional ventilation as the control. Compared with conventional ventilation, 100% HRV increased average indoor temperature from 18.21°C to 18.65°C and time above 18°C from 45.14% to 75.93%. Average ventilation increased by 52.8%, while non-ventilation time decreased from 46% to 22%. Total heating demand decreased by 75.6%, with maximum and average hourly heating loads declining from 0.28 and 0.09 GJ·h-1 to 0.11 and 0.02 GJ·h-1, respectively. HRV improved thermal stability and reduced heating demand during seasonal transition periods. - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2026
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